Fuel specifications can influence fuel production, vehicle performance and operating costs. Different countries balance these costs differently based on their priorities and circumstances.
Changes to fuel specifications can affect different parts of the supply chain. The impact depends on what a market already has in place.
Fuel specifications can also influence fuel efficiency, vehicle maintenance and long-term operating costs.
US$2.94 billion
Estimated annual health cost associated with PM2.5 and ozone in Jakarta — around 2% of the city’s GDP.
Fuel-policy decisions need to balance implementation costs with impacts on air quality, public health and the existing supply system.